Identify and Troubleshoot Automotive Charging System Problems. Dead battery. Dim lights. Flickering gauges. Any one of these symptoms can be a sign of a weak charging system. Your charging system is responsible for restoring the charge to your car battery after use and is tasked with providing power to your lights, audio system, and other electronics while your vehicle is running. Without your charging system in proper working order, youll eventually find yourself strandedwithout lightsand without good tunes. Gasp. To help you avoid such a situation, weve put together a basic guide to tracking down potential charging system issues. Problem Engine starts OK, but the battery does not stay charged. Solution 1 Focus on your battery first. If your vehicle has stopped running, jumpstart the engine, remove the jumper cables as quickly as possible, and wait. If the vehicle keeps running after a period of time, theres likely a problem with your battery. Hello, your given trick is great. I wish to try it I found that on charging my battery 12V SF Sonic for Car out of its 6 cells, one cell is not producing bubbles of. Take into account the outward appearance and age of the battery when deciding whether to replace it. Also, inspect your battery cables and make sure they are in good shape. Bad cables will not deliver the full current flow needed to operate properly. Solution 2 If the battery wont hold its charge and your engine stalls out, then its time to turn your attention to the alternator. Although your battery may have enough energy to get the engine fired up initially, it will eventually lose power if it is not being recharged by the alternator. Here are a few quick ways to pinpoint a bad alternator Crank over the engine, turn on your vehicles lights, and observe. If they start bright and then slowly fade, your alternator might not be delivering the proper charge to operate your vehicle accessories. If your vehicle is already dead, jumpstart the battery and wait. If the alternator is bad, your car or truck will eventually die out again as the battery is not re charged. Get a good quality voltmeter or multimeter and test your batterys state of charge. The voltmeter should read around 1. If voltage is below 1. Solution 3 Check the alternator cables for abnormal wear, including cracking and fraying. Replace or tighten the cables as necessary. Problem Engine cranks over slowly and lights dim excessively during process. Solution Slow or labored cranking is often the first sign of an undercharged battery. Use the tests above to determine the problembattery or alternator. Problem Lights flare excessively as engine speed increases. Solution This is usually caused by an overcharged battery, which is typically the result of high alternator voltage. This can be caused by a short or ground in the rotor field winding within the alternator or a defective regulator. Problem Dim lights or lights that seem to fade as the car runs. Solution 1 Since the alternator is responsible for supplying the auxiliary power to your lights and electrical components, start with the alternator and associated items. First, examine the wiring for damage or wear and replace as necessary. If everything looks good, move on to solution 2. Solution 2 Turn on your vehicle and use a voltmeter to test your batterys charge. If voltage is below 1. If voltage is around 1. Solution 3 If the alternator is supplying proper voltage, chances are the problem lies with your battery. Problem Noisy alternator. Solution 1 Check the alternator belt for wear or looseness. Replace or tighten as necessary, making sure the belt is properly aligned on the pulley. Improperly aligned alternator belts will often make a whining sound. Solution 2 Check for bent pulley flanges that may cause the belt to run out of alignment. Solution 3 Make sure the alternator is mounted securely so there is not excess movement. Solution 4 Perhaps your alternator has seen better days and is on the verge of failure. Once youve gone through solutions 1 3, you may need to consider replacing the entire unit if the noise persists. Problem The charge indicator light flickers while driving. Solution At the very least, you likely have a loose alternator belt or bad wiring connection. Start by inspecting the alternator belt for wear and tightening it as needed. Also look for improper wiring connections. If one of these areas isnt the culprit, you likely have a faulty alternator or regulator, which will need replaced. Problem The charge indicator light comes on while driving. Solution 1 Again, this could be a sign of a bad alternator or defective regulator. But first, rule out some other possible causes, including a loose or worn alternator belt. Inspect and replace an abnormally worn belt and tighten a loose belt. Solution 2 Check for wiring issues. The two most likely causes are a defective field circuit ground or a bad light circuit wire or connector. Solution 3 Once youve eliminated the belts and wiring as possible problems, youll want to test your alternator for proper operation.
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OS12Platform.IA 3. 2 and x. 86 6.Available in. 26 languages3 List of languages.English United States, English United Kingdom, Arabic, Chinese Simplified, Chinese Traditional, Czech, Danish, Dutch, Finnish, French, German, Hebrew, Hungarian, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Norwegian, Polish, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish, Swedish, Romanian, Turkish and Ukrainian.Type. Raster graphics editor.License. Trialware, Saa.SWebsiteadobe. comphotoshop.Adobe Photoshop is a raster graphics editor developed and published by Adobe Systems for mac.OS and Windows. Photoshop was created in 1.Thomas and John Knoll.Since then, it has become the de facto industry standard in raster graphics editing, such that the word photoshop has become a verb as in to Photoshop an image, photoshopping and photoshop contest, though Adobe discourages such use.It can edit and compose raster images in multiple layers and supports masks, alpha compositing and several color models including RGB, CMYK, CIELAB, spot color and duotone.Photoshop has vast support for graphic file formats but also uses its own PSD and PSB file formats which support all the aforementioned features.In addition to raster graphics, it has limited abilities to edit or render text, vector graphics especially through clipping path, 3.D graphics and video.Photoshops feature set can be expanded by Photoshop plug ins, programs developed and distributed independently of Photoshop that can run inside it and offer new or enhanced features.Photoshops naming scheme was initially based on version numbers.However, in October 2.Creative Suite branding, each new version of Photoshop was designated with CS plus a number e.Photoshop was Photoshop CS and the ninth major version was Photoshop CS2.Photoshop CS3 through CS6 were also distributed in two different editions Standard and Extended.In June 2. 01. 3, with the introduction of Creative Cloud branding, Photoshops licensing scheme was changed to that of software as a service rental model and the CS suffixes were replaced with CC.Historically, Photoshop was bundled with additional software such as Adobe Image.Ready, Adobe Fireworks, Adobe Bridge, Adobe Device Central and Adobe Camera RAW.Alongside Photoshop, Adobe also develops and publishes Photoshop Elements, Photoshop Lightroom, Photoshop Express and Photoshop Touch.Collectively, they are branded as The Adobe Photoshop Family.It is currently a licensed software.Early historyeditPhotoshop was developed in 1.American brothers Thomas and John Knoll, who sold the distribution license to Adobe Systems Incorporated in 1.Thomas Knoll, a Ph.D student at the University of Michigan, began writing a program on his Macintosh Plus to display grayscale images on a monochrome display.This program, called Display, caught the attention of his brother John Knoll, an Industrial Light Magic employee, who recommended that Thomas turn it into a full fledged image editing program.Thomas took a six month break from his studies in 1.Thomas renamed the program Image.Pro, but the name was already taken.Later that year, Thomas renamed his program Photoshop and worked out a short term deal with scanner manufacturer Barneyscan to distribute copies of the program with a slide scanner a total of about 2.Photoshop were shipped this way.During this time, John traveled to Silicon Valley and gave a demonstration of the program to engineers at Apple and Russell Brown, art director at Adobe.Both showings were successful, and Adobe decided to purchase the license to distribute in September 1.While John worked on plug ins in California, Thomas remained in Ann Arbor writing code.Photoshop 1. 0 was released on 1.February 1. 99. 0 for Macintosh exclusively.The Barneyscan version included advanced color editing features that were stripped from the first Adobe shipped version. Download Full Microsoft Flight Simulator 2004 Will Not Open . The handling of color slowly improved with each release from Adobe and Photoshop quickly became the industry standard in digital color editing.At the time Photoshop 1.Scitex, cost around 3.File formateditPhotoshop files have default file extension as.PSD, which stands for Photoshop Document.A PSD file stores an image with support for most imaging options available in Photoshop.These include layers with masks, transparency, text, alpha channels and spot colors, clipping paths, and duotone settings.This is in contrast to many other file formats e.JPG or. GIF that restrict content to provide streamlined, predictable functionality.A PSD file has a maximum height and width of 3.Gigabytes. Photoshop files sometimes have the file extension.PSB, which stands for Photoshop Big also known as large document format.A PSB file extends the PSD file format, increasing the maximum height and width to 3.Exabytes. The dimension limit was apparently chosen arbitrarily by Adobe, not based on computer arithmetic constraints it is not close to a power of two, as is 3.PSD and PSB formats are documented.Because of Photoshops popularity, PSD files are widely used and supported to some extent by most competing software.The. 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Studebaker limousine with open drivers compartment for the chauffeur and a closed cabin for the passengers. A limousine or limo is a luxurysedan or saloon car generally driven by a chauffeur and with a partition between the driver and the passenger compartment. Limousines often have a lengthened wheelbase. Although usually associated with luxury vehicles, the word Limousine is also simply a generic term in some countries for a standard sedan bodystyle. It was originally an enclosed automobile with open drivers seat. 1 It is named after a type of cloak and hood that was worn by the inhabitants of the Limousin region that later resembled the covering of a carriage and much later used to describe an automobile body with a permanent top that extended over the open drivers compartment. 23In modern use, a limousine is a luxurysedan or saloon car, especially one with a lengthened wheelbase or driven by a chauffeur. The chassis of a limousine may have been extended by the manufacturer or by an independent coachbuilder. These are called stretch limousines and are traditionally black or white. Limousines are usually liveried vehicles, driven by professional chauffeurs. As the most expensive form of automobile ground transportation, limousines are culturally associated with wealth or power and are commonly cited as examples of conspicuous consumption. Among the less wealthy, limousines are often hired during special events most commonly weddings, proms, and bachelor parties. While some limousines are owned by individuals, many are owned by governments to transport senior politicians, by companies to transport executives and guests. Most stretch limousines, however, operate as livery vehicles, providing upmarket competition to taxicabs. Builders of stretch limousines purchase stock cars from manufacturers and modify them, and most are in the United States and Europe and cater mainly to limousine companies. Few stretch limousines are sold new to private individuals. In addition to luxuries, security features such as armoring and bulletproof glass are available. HistoryeditWinton Six Limousine, 1. The first automobile limousine, built in 1. The word limousine is derived from the name of the French region Limousin, because this covered compartment physically resembled the raised hood of the cloak worn by the shepherds there. An alternate etymology has the chauffeur wearing a Limousin style cloak in the open drivers compartment, for protection from the weather. 5The first stretch limousine was created in Fort Smith, Arkansas, around 1. Armbruster. These cars were primarily used to transport famous big band leaders, such as Glenn Miller and Benny Goodman, and their bands and equipment. These early stretch limousines were often called big band buses. In 1. 91. 6, the Society of Automobile Engineers defined a limousine as a closed car seating three to five inside, with drivers seat outside. A berline was defined as a limousine having the drivers seat entirely inclosed, while a brougham was defined as a limousine with no roof over the drivers seat. 6In German speaking countries, a Limousine is simply a sedan, while a lengthened wheelbase car is called Stretch Limousine. The limousine body style has a partition separating the driver from the rear passenger compartment. 57 This partition usually contains a sliding often soundproof glass window so that conversations between passengers in the rear compartment may be kept private. Communication with the driver is possible either by opening the window in the partition or by using an intercom system. Alternative versions of the style include the limousine landaulet, with a removable or folding roof section over the rear passenger seat, and the limousine de ville, with a solid roof over the rear passengers but a removable or folding roof section over the drivers seat. Traditional limousineseditTraditionally, the limousine has been a large car with a long wheelbase with a permanent division between driver and passengers. Two or three occasional or jump seats are usually mounted in the ample footspace of the rear compartment of long wheelbase cars, facing forward behind the driver. These seats face forward. They fold into the floor when not in use. In this way, up to five persons can be carried in the aft compartment in comfort, and up to two additional persons carried in the drivers compartment, for a total capacity of seven passengers in addition to the driver. This type of seat configuration has become less popular in recent funeral trade limousines. Traditional limousine. An official state car of Queen Elizabeth II. Rear compartment of the same traditional limousine, with occasional seats folded down on floor. Traditional style limousine of the President of the United States. Cadillac One. The last production limousine, by Cadillac, with forward facing jump seats was in 1. Fleetwood Series 7. Packard in 1. 95. Lincoln in 1. 93. Lincoln has offered limousines through their dealers as special order vehicles at times. Several Lincoln Premier cars were also built, one being owned by Elvis Presley. Vehicles of this type in private use may contain expensive audio players, televisions, video players, and bars, often with refrigerators. The President of the United States has ridden in a variety of types of limousine stretching back to 1. Division in a 1. 99. Bentley Turbo R. the division in a London cab, black occasional seats folded up to bulkhead. A similar design is used for the black cabs of London. The jump seats, also referred to as taxi tip seats, usually carry advertising on the underside the advertisements are visible to the passengers when the tip seats are not in use. Where a vehicle is built to carry a large number together for the funeral trade, one or two full width, normal, forwards facing seats are often added. These may be fixed or fold down into the floor. Stretch limousineseditStretch limousines are usually used to transport more than three passengers, excluding the driver. In production American limousines, however, the jump seats almost always faced forward. It is simpler to determine the effects of altering a separate chassis than it is to determine the effects of altering a load bearing unitized platform body. Coach builders have built models based on SUVs with a separate load bearing chassis. The weight requirements of these limos do not meet somemost states Department of Motor Vehicle Rules and Regulations. Limousine manufacturers are often challenged to meet safety, exhaust, weight, and other standards with longer vehicles that hold more passengers weight. On 3 September 2. Michael Machado and Pamela Bartholemew both USA in California began operating on the heaviest limousine in the world. The Midnight Rider, weighing 2. It is 2. 1. 3 m 7. Peterbilt Truck. Current limousineseditlist does not include those produced by 3rd party companies Government limousine only. Not a true limousine, but rather in its design and application is between a sedan and a bus. While a bus will have a central interior aisle for access to seating, a stage has multiple doors that allow access to transverse forward facing seats. Examples of the type were constructed not only from sedans e. Chrysler New Yorker, Cadillac De. Ville, Checker Aerobus, but also from station wagons many of the station wagon conversions sported a large rack, running the length of the roof, for carrying the passengers baggage. This type of vehicle was once rather common in some locations. An example of its use was in the transport of travelers arriving by railroad at Merced, California to travel to Yosemite National Park in the first half of the 2. In Yosemite, passengers would then stay in rustic platform tent camps or more expensive lodges and hike or rent bicycles for movement around the park. citation needed In Glacier National Park, the stages were referred to as Jammers in reference to the nickname of their gear jamming drivers. 1. Some funeral homes maintain six door stages to carry the family of the deceased between the church and the cemetery. Exotic limousineseditSometimes a coach builder or car designer will develop the ultimate stretch limo, adding amenities that are somewhat impractical but which make a significant design statement. One such design includes tandem rear axles to support the weight of an operational hot tub. 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